How Stratification Creates Inequalities Within The...

How Stratification Creates Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System The population at large in the United Stated is very different than the population of the prison system. Racial inequality in the criminal justice system is often ignored because it does not affect most people. If there is to be a change in racial inequality, this issue is one that must be addressed. According to Inequality and Incarceration, â€Å"497 out of 100,000 Americans are imprisoned.† This means there is â€Å"less than one percent of people† in the United States that are imprisoned. This may seem like an insignificant amount. According to Sentencing Project.org â€Å"Racial disparity in the criminal justice system exists when the proportion of a racial or ethnic group within the control of the system is greater than the pro-portion of such groups in the general population.† This article says the inequality can vary upon different levels of criminal activity, law enforcement and de cision making. â€Å"Law enforcement emphasis on particular communities, legislative policies, and/or decision making by criminal justice practitioners who exercise broad discretion in the justice process at one or more stages in the system.† (Sentenceproject.org) The expansion of the criminal justice system reinforces race and class inequalities in the United States thorough mass incarcerations that are constantly increasing, imperceptible to most, and affects multiple generations. First, mass incarcerations are constantlyShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games By Max Weber1437 Words   |  6 Pages Social stratification is a concept used within sociology that explains the divisions and social inequalities of large groups of people within a particular society. The Hunger Games (2012) is a film that demonstrates this through amplifying how the power of the rich members in a polarised society are taking control of the poor and separating them in different districts which create specific social rankings. This essay will use the perspective of conflict theory to examine how Australian society isRead MoreSocial Stratification And Social Class1468 Words   |  6 PagesSocial stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences but achievement based. For that matter, social class is a controversial issue due to the perceptions of people in each class and many argue that social inequality and racism play a vital role in the operation of society. Among the issues, one’s position in the social class hierarchy may impact their health, family life , education, political participation, and experience with the criminal justice system. ARead MoreRacism And Racism Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesHow does stratification system take place in African American communities? Many minority Communities are subjected to racism and discrimination within/ outside their communities. The social prejudices on the black community gives an example of a caste system where you re born into unequal groups based on their parents (race), most likely born into poverty if a minority. â€Å"Minority racial groups are more likely to experience multidimensional property than their white counterparts†, due to historicalRead MoreCrime through the Sociological Perspective: All Over but the Shoutin’2497 Words   |  10 Pagesis astonishing how many references there are about different theoretical aspects of crime. There is no question that criminal activity proves to be a chronic issue in our society, but where the real question lies is not i n how we can rid our society of crime altogether, but the roots it stems from. Throughout the years, many sociologists have developed a number of different theories concerning the origins of crime society, studies on the stratification of the justice system and how the two are bothRead MoreEssay about Disparities in Education of Minorities in the United States2745 Words   |  11 Pagesallow social advancement. Still others have tended to focus on systemic inequalities and on the roles of prejudice and discrimination (Sidanius et al, 1998). This paper will attempt to frame the issue of educational disparities among marginalized minorities through the idea of â€Å"social dominance theory,† which states that social systems and structures are arranged hierarchically to benefit the dominant group and in turn create low-status among others (Sindanius et al, 1998). I will then more specificallyRead MoreInequality: Pretense or Presence? Essay2055 Words   |  9 PagesInequality: Pretense or Presence? In the United States today, we live in a society that works under the faà §ade of seeming equal, of appearing, outwardly at least, free of discrimination and applying equal opportunities to the rights, liberties, and freedoms to all its citizens. However, that’s just it: An external faà §ade. Yes, beneath the gleaming faux-marble exteriors of newly gentrified urban areas, and even within the corporate infrastructures supposedly promoting hiring equity, something isRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The Black Man1624 Words   |  7 Pagesinto civilization after a while, while the others have to die an unfortunate death. Is it fair, is it right? That’s the debate for the judicial system. The United States has the highest murder rate by 16.3 percent up by last year and Brazil has the highest rate with over 57,000 intentional deaths within the last 5 years. Per the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, it has a detailed breakdown of those committed to life in prison and those sentenced to death. Between 1977-2014, a total of 1,394Read More Gender Politics in the Criminal Justice System Essay4043 Words   |  17 PagesThe United States criminal justice system, an outwardly fair organization of integrity and justice, is a perfect example of a seemingly equal situation, which turns out to be anything but for women. The policies imposed in the criminal justice system affect men and women in extremely dissimilar manners. I plan to examine how gender intersects with the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why theyRead MoreThe Conflict Theory, And The Symbolic Interac tionist Theory1862 Words   |  8 Pages In every society, no matter how culturally diverse, people identify with their own specific â€Å"in-groups†. Unfortunately, this idea of a set of people that we identify with creates a rift in how we interact with others. One way society demonstrates in-group bias is based upon social class. â€Å"Greater income inequality widens the social distance between different income classes and thereby reduces the overall level of trust† (Lei and Vesely 2010:1). This basic level of trust and biased views affectsRead MoreSocial Conflict Theory3263 Words   |  14 Pagesargues that individuals and  groups  (social classes) within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources (the wealthy vs. the poor) and that the more powerful groups use their  power  in order to exploit groups with less power. The two methods by which this  exploitation  is done are through  brute force usually done by police and the army  and  economics. Earlier social conflict theorists argue that  money  is the mechanism which creates social disorder. The theory further states that  society  is

Culture Is The Values, Beliefs, Behaviors, And Customs Of...

Culture is the values, beliefs, behaviors and customs of a group of people. Although cultures are all different in their own ways, family is one of the most important aspects of any culture. Families are people that give a person support and help them find their identities. Families are also people that give unconditional love to you. Family is so important in cultures because without family people can lose part of whom they are. People can also lose cultural traditions and values when they lose family, or lose touch with family members. There are many cultures in the world, and they are all different, but many have similarities to each other. Greek and Jordan are two cultures that to me do not seem like they would be similar at all. Although Greek and Jordanian cultures seem very different on the outside, they share many core values, and the importance of family, family traditions and dating, marriage rituals. Cultures all have different types of families that they live with and h ow they have their household structures is different as well. These two cultures have different typical types of families that live together. For Greeks the most frequent family type is nuclear family, meaning that two parents and their dependent children live together. The reason this is the typical type of families that live in one house, is that , in Greece culture many families all live very close together especially in smaller villages. For Jordanians the typical type of family is anShow MoreRelatedOur Cultural Lens Essay927 Words   |  4 Pageswhich tints, alters, and shapes our perceptions. In a broader aspect, culture shapes how people experience their world. Though a culture is generally understood and thought of as the foods, clothing, holidays, and music a group of people engage in, culture dives deeper than just a group’s visible traditions. Culture refers to the behaviors and interactions of a people and the representative structures in which give such behavior meaning. Human nature, history, and environment have impacted and resultedRead MoreSubcultures and Subcultural Marketing1424 Words   |  6 PagesSubcultures and Subcultural Marketing Introduction We are brought up to follow the beliefs, values, and customs of our society and to avoid behavior that is judged â€Å"unacceptable† or considered to be taboo. In addition to segmenting in terms of cultural factors, marketers also segment overall societies into smaller subgroups or subcultures that consist of people who are similar in terms of their ethnic origin, their customs, and the ways they behave. These subcultures provide important marketing opportunitiesRead MoreBefore Writing About CanadaS Culture, We Should Define946 Words   |  4 Pagesabout Canada s culture, we should define culture. What is the meaning of Culture? 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Organizational culture has been called ‘Corporate soul’ (Singh and Paul 1985). The spirit and the ethos that precolates all aspects of organizational behavior and like societal cultureit cannot be seen directly. It has to be inferred by peeling out the most external, tangible, and hence visible sheaths of an organization to the most central and invisible values, beliefs, and assumptions regardingRead MoreCulture, Culture And Non Material Culture1585 Words   |  7 PagesCulture Culture refers to any kind of morals, habits, norms, practices, beliefs, laws or customs acquired by man in a particular society. Culture is the set of knowledge, skills, traditions, customs, unique to a human group, to a civilization. It is transmitted socially from generation to generation and not by genetic inheritance, and largely determines individual behavior. (Arendt) Culture encompasses a very broad aspect of social life: techniques, manners, morals, lifestyle, system of values, beliefsRead MoreCulture, Core Values, And Cultural Awareness Of Cuba926 Words   |  4 Pagesof Cuba Culture embodies a myriad of concepts that include customs, behaviors, core values, and beliefs which support a specific population within a community or country. Culture is a well-defined set of principles and beliefs which are strengthened by the people who represent these ideals. Each culture has its own unique and distinctive principles and engages its members as part of a group whose key ideals are aligned with its beliefs and practices. Each culture demonstrates its commitmentRead MoreWhy Are Sign Language Interpreters And Their Own Values And Beliefs Through The Use Of Tools And Resources1023 Words   |  5 Pages075. 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The complex and diverse population of the country has made a strong impact to the various cultures. There are forty-five million people; about thirty

Accounting Theory and Current Issues

Question: Describe about the accounting theory and current issues. Answer: Yes, KGC ltd should revalue its assets from historic cost to fair value method. Fair value price is the price which states that how much money will be received when the asset will be sold in the market(KPMG , 2013). It is based on the present value of the asset in the market. This methodology will facilitate the comparability as well as consistency of the transactions(KPMG , 2013). It will enhance the understanding level of the stakeholders towards the company who value the assets at fair value method(KPMG , 2013). Principles According to the IFRS, investments should be measured at fair value(Christensen Nikolaev, 2016). Assets which are held by the company for profit generation purpose should be recorded according to the fair value measurement(Christensen Nikolaev, 2016). It is a market based approach; it cannot be regarded as entity based approach. It is based on the principle of future cash inflows as well as future cash outflow. It has been presumed that transaction will take place in principal market(Christensen Nikolaev, 2016). Potential issues Fair value states the exit value of the investment. It states the value through which it can be converted into cash. On the contrary, assets are recorded in the books of accounts when they are purchased. Therefore, recording of the assets in the books of accounts cannot be justified through this concept. Moreover there is lack of clarity as compared to the market assumptions(IFRS Org, 2016). It completely ignores the transaction cost which is incurred by the company while purchasing the assets(IFRS Org, 2016). Risks It will change the concept of measuring. Now the assets will be recognized at price rather than the realizable value. This will modify the amount of deprecation which is charged on the assets. Deprecation is the amortization cost of the fixed assets(Ramanna, 2013). This methodology will enhance the depreciation amount. Thus, the profit of the company will be reduced. Correspondingly less tax will be paid(Ramanna, 2013). Replacement value of the machine is $20.5 billion AUD. Further, value in use for the company is $12 billion AUD. This cost will be incurred in the current situation i.e. expected operations. On the other hand value will increase to $ 30 billion AUD if the contract relating to PPE is renewed for 10 years(Cpaaustralia.com, 2016). Presently there is no information about whether the company has renewed the contract or not. Therefore, it has been assumed that decision relating to the renewal is still pending. So it is advisable to record the assets at the replacement value. Recording the assets at the replacement value will represent true and fair value of the assets (KPMG , 2015). Triple Bottom line Triple bottom line is regarded as accounting framework. It involves three parts that are Financial Social Environmental(Carolina, 2016) It evaluates the performance of the company at the broader concept. It creates greater business value. It is based on the concept of full cost accounting. It has replaced the concept of bottom line which is related to the profit and cost of the organization. Triple bottom line facilitates the cost benefit analysis for the company (PWC, 2015). It states that primary responsibility of the company lies with the stakeholders as compared to the shareholders. It states that business should be conducted in such a way so that interest of the stakeholders can be promoted. It is not centered towards the profit maximization of the shareholders only(Carolina, 2016). Merits It facilitates the sustainability in the environment and the business processes. It is useful for the nonprofit organization, government as well for the profit making enterprises. It is an accounting technique which is beyond the traditional concept of accounting. This concept is very useful for economic development(Carolina, 2016) It enhances the profit for the organization. It identifies both risk and opportunities associated with it simultaneously. It reduces the opportunity cost and enhances the cost saving concept. (Carolina, 2016) Risks It enhances the responsibility of the companys board members. It is very difficult to quantify the financial aspects of the company. It is very difficult or hard to quantify environmental aspects as well as social aspects. It results into management conflicts because the main aim of the management is to maximize the shareholders return(Pondent, 2016). Nature of legitimacy The business legitimacy can be defined as a normative and subjective concept. Here company has used legitimacy in the context of the equities(KPMG , 2015). It has direct impact on the financial performance of the company as well as its goodwill on the market. Thus, it can be said that legitimacy of the company is directly linked with the creditworthiness of the business operations(Australian Accounting Standards Board., 2016). Importance of maintaining the legitimacy in the eyes of the traditional land owners The KGC ltd has already paid $4 million in royalties to the traditional owners of the land. These traditional owners carry out the mine process and pore process(Australian Accounting Standards Board., 2016). Moreover, the company has paid an amount of $ 6 billion to the PNG government as taxes. Company has built and operating the hospitals, water processing plants, grade schools, and health centers. These constructions have been taken place in the star mountain range of PNG(Andrews, 2002). Thus it will develop the trust and confidence level of the traditional land owners towards the company. They will be more loyal towards the agreements signed with the company. Thus, it will provide stability of the operations to the company in PNG range(Australian Accounting Standards Board., 2016). Importance of maintaining the legitimacy in the eyes of the government of PNG It is very essential to maintain the legitimacy in the eyes of the government. Government will have a positive outlook toward the company(Carolina, 2016). Moreover, they have the belief that operations of the company are carried out for the interest of trade and commerce. It will ensure that transactions are not conducted which are prejudicial to the interest of the stakeholders. Furthermore, government will support the business operations of the company. Government can provide assistance in the ways of subsidiary or grant which may be useful for the business to carry out its operations more effectively and efficiently. Thus it is relevant to maintain legitimacy from the business perspective(Australian Accounting Standards Board., 2016). Importance of maintaining the legitimacy in the eyes of the People of Australia Human resources are regarded as the greatest assets of the company(PWC, 2015). Company cannot function in the market until and unless people have the belief in the operations of the company(KPMG , 2013). Thus, it is very essential to maintain the trust of the people which can be built through legitimacy(KPMG , 2015). It will help the organization in expanding its operations. It will provide alternative source of labor to the company(Andrews, 2002). Do the legitimacy of the KGC ltd is at risk? In the last decades, the residents of the Indonesia known as Christian -animist residents along with the island of the New Guinea are agitating for their independence from the Indonesia. The PNG tribes are closely associated with the wars tribes. Further there is fear of conflict within the region(Australian Accounting Standards Board., 2016). Further, there is probability that the police actions will take place shortly. Thus there is high security alert in the Star mountain range of PNG portion. A recent collapse has taken place which has dumped 5 million liters of ore waste into the water of river. This river supplies drinking water to two local villages. This water is also used for harvesting purpose, fishing purpose, for cassava cropping. Moreover, there is allegation against the company that it is not environmentally responsible. The Company has made commitment that they will dispose the diluted water in the ocean. But this was not the case in actual or reality. Thus, it states that directly or indirectly KGC is at risk(KPMG , 2015). There is ample of allegation against the company(Andrews, 2002). Consequences if it loses its legitimacy If company losses its legitimacy, then it will be a great set back to the company. It will ruin the reputation of the company in the market(KPMG , 2015). This may hamper the goodwill and credit worthiness in the market(IFRS Org, 2016). Moreover, it may hamper the business operations of the company. It will increase the cost of the company unnecessarily. In addition, customer will lose their trust from the company(KPMG , 2013). Furthermore, loyalty of the customers towards the company will be ruined. It may hamper the profit ratios of the company. And will also hamper the overall financial health of the company. Company has to suffer huge losses. Overall it will not be beneficial for the organization(Andrews, 2002). Methods for restoring legitimacy of the KGC ltd First of all, company should do the discussion internally within the board members. Decision should be such which is according to the economic viability of the company. Decision should be approved in the general meeting by the shareholders. Proposed decision should be submitted to the government for the approval purpose(Andrews, 2002). When the proposed activity will be approved by the shareholders it will develop their trust and confidence towards the company. It will help the company in removing and mitigating the allegation towards the company. Moreover company can take CSR activities also(Andrews, 2002). This will ensure that activities of the company will be transparent and fair for the interest of the trade and commerce(Andrews, 2002). Two types of stakeholders theory Company should focus on the internal stakeholders' theory in which the employees and owners will be the main focus of the company. Apart from this, the company should also focus on the external stakeholders(Redwardfreeman, 2016). It involves society, creditors, shareholders, government, customers etc.(Stakeholdermap, 2016). This theory will promote the values and morals of the management in the organization(Edwardfreeman, 2016). It is based on two pillars i.e. Organization management and the ethics of the organization. Various ways to record the cost of the harm associated with the sludge spill Various costs are as follows Clean up cost Compensating cash payments Fines Offsetting work else where These cost be recorded either from the internal financing or from the outside borrowing Internal borrowing Pros It does not create any external burden on the company. There is no further liability of the company to pay fixed interest to other person. Thus entire profit is retained for the benefits of the organization(KPMG , 2015). It does not dilute the control of the company. Control of the company should be limited in few hands only as company is going for the internal borrowing(KPMG , 2013). Thus, it can be said that company's right to decision will not be diluted through internal borrowings(Redwardfreeman, 2016). Cons It reduces the share of the company in the profit of the company. It will reduce the retained earnings of the company which can be invested in other sources also(DanielRichards, 2016). External borrowings Pros It will help in maintaining the ownership of the company. It will provide the tax deductions. Moreover, there are low interest rates as compared to other source of finance(Extension.iastate.edu, 2016). Cons Payment of interest is fixed at the constant rate. Therefore, the company has to pay the debt whether it is having profit or not(IFRS Org, 2016). Also, the payment is fixed after a certain period of time and at that time whatever may be the condition of the company; payment has to be made at any cost(KPMG , 2013). If payment is not made on time then creditworthiness of the company is degraded in the market(PWC, 2015). References Andrews, C.J., 2002. Restoring legitimacy to the systems approach. Australian Accounting Standards Board., 2016. Property, Plant and Equipment. Carolina, M., 2016. The Triple Bottom Line and Why Its Crucial for Businesses. Christensen, H.B. Nikolaev, V.V., 2016. Does Fair Value Accounting for Non-Financial Assets Does Fair Value Accounting for Non-Financial Assets. Cpaaustralia.com, 2016. Guide to valuation and depreciation under the international accounting standards for the publicsector. DanielRichards, 2016. Debt Financing - Pros and Cons. Edwardfreeman, 2016. Stakeholder theory. Extension.iastate.edu, 2016. Types and Sources of Financing for Start-up Businesses. IFRS Org, 2016. Issues arising from the IASB Discussion Paper Fair Value Measurements. The British Accounting Association. KPMG , 2013. Fiar value Measurement. KPMG. KPMG , 2015. InsightsintoIFRS:Anoverview. KPMG. Pondent, C.S., 2016. Disadvantages of Triple Bottom Line Reporting. PWC, 2015. Consolidation and equity method of accounting. PWC. Ramanna, K., 2013. Why Fair Value Is the Rule. Redwardfreeman, 2016. Stakeholder Management. Stakeholdermap, 2016. Stakeholder Analysis, Project Management, templates and advice.

Major Problems in Europe During the Fourteenth Century free essay sample

In the fourteenth century, European states faced many major problems that are evident in the history of the entire continent. These problems drastically changed the culture, religion, economy, and land. Throughout the 14th century, Europeans faced several catastrophes that changed the continent’s culture, land, religion, and economy, as shown in the Black Death, social upheavals, and war. The Black Death was one of the most devastating calamities in Europe’s written history. The Bubonic plaque was the most common form of plague during the Black Death. It was spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium. Originating from Asia, the plague spread quickly when it reached Europe in 1347 from Genoese merchants. In 1348, the plague and spread to France, and by the end of that year, to England. In northern France, some villages experienced death rates of almost up to forty percent. In England, some villages were completely wiped out. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Problems in Europe During the Fourteenth Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Within three years, this outbreak of disease eliminated almost two-thirds of the continent’s population. It took almost 200 years from Europe to return to the population level it had before the Black Death struck. The plague also eliminated hope and wiped out crops. This depleted a will to live; there was little food, safety, and hope. The only thing people had was God. People began turning to religion to save themselves and give them a purpose to live. Another major problem that stuck Europe was social upheaval. Due to the high death rates and the decreasing number of able-bodied humans following the Black Death, wages began to rise because workers had more to barter for. This forced landlords to pay more for labor, while the price of everything else was decreasing. Following that was the decline in the rank of landlords and increase of the peasants’ social status. In 1358, a peasant revolt broke out in northern France. However, this revolt was not successful. Something similar happened in England, in 1381, a product of rising expectations. The peasants refused to pay a new tax, and drove out the collectors from their villages. This initiated a widespread rebellion of both townspeople and peasants. Unlike the revolt in France however, this one was successful. The poll tax was pardoned by the young king after the revolt. War was also a major problem of the fourteenth century in Europe. One famous war was the Hundred Years’ War. It was created through a struggle between the French and English. One dispute over the right of succession to the French throne also complicated the struggle. The Hundred Years’ War began with enthusiasm from knights, but the manpower ended up with the peasants. One famous hero was Joan of Arc who experienced visions from saints whom told her to have the dauphin crowned as king and free France. The war finally ended with England’s defeat. Looking back, we can see that Europe had many problems in the fourteenth century. These problems greatly affected Europe, and this is evident in the history and shaping of its culture, land, religion, and economy. The Black Death wiped out much of the population, and following that was social disruption. There became a greater need for peasants more than noblemen and landlords. Finally, war caused great distress and also showed the strength of the peasants.